Title : Advancing environmental and agricultural resilience through hemp genetics: Outcomes from targeted breeding and multi-site trials across Australia
Abstract:
Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is emerging as a cornerstone crop for environmental resilience, carbon sequestration and sustainable bioeconomy solutions. To unlock its full potential, region-specific genetic adaptation is critical. Hemp Farms Australia (HFA) has led a decade-long program of breeding /agronomic trials to develop low-THC, non-GMO hemp varieties optimised for Australia’s diverse and challenging environments. HFA employed a multi-site trial framework across distinct climatic regions, including subtropical, temperate and semi-arid zones. Trials evaluated germination rates, biomass yield, grain quality, phenotypic plasticity and carbon sequestration potential. Comparative assessments of Australian-bred varieties versus imported genetics were conducted under uniform protocols. Key analytical methods included dry biomass sampling, carbon accumulation modelling, soil structure impact analysis and flowering trigger assessments (growing degree days and photoperiod response). Data was statistically validated using ANOVA and regression analysis across replicated plot designs.
Australian-developed varieties consistently outperformed imported cultivars, achieving up to 35% higher biomass yields and greater agronomic stability under variable stress conditions. Flowering times were optimised to avoid late-season climatic risks, and varieties demonstrated superior adaptation to heat and water stress. Carbon sequestration modelling indicated a potential of up to 18 tonnes CO?e/hectare annually under optimal conditions. Findings highlighted the potential for hemp as a rotational crop to restore soil organic carbon and improve soil physical properties. HFA’s breeding/trial program demonstrates that tailored hemp genetics can drive profitability and environmental restoration. The outcomes underscore the importance of regionalised varietal development to maximise hemp’s contribution to carbon farming, regenerative agriculture and climate-resilient cropping systems. With evidence-based varietal design, hemp can play a significant role in Australia’s transition to a low-carbon, nature-positive economy.
