Title : Smallholder farmers’ adaptive and extent of response strategies to climate change variability impacts in kwazulu-natal province of South Africa
Abstract:
Smallholder farmers in KwaZulu?Natal province confront an increasingly erratic climate marked by unpredictable rains, extended dry spells, and rising temperatures, all of which jeopardise their predominantly rain?fed cropping and livestock systems. This study surveyed 240 farmers across two ecologically diverse districts—Amajuba and uThukela—to quantify both the range of adaptation strategies employed and the intensity of their use. Using a Composite Index of Adaptation Strategies (CIA), farmers’ engagement with 13 climate?smart practices was scored and classified into low, moderate, and high adaptation levels. Results reveal that while nearly all farmers utilize rainwater harvesting and improved seed varieties, and over 75% practice soil and water conservation or precision techniques, critical measures such as agroforestry and integrated crop?livestock management are largely neglected. The CIA classification placed 74% of respondents in the moderate category, indicating partial uptake of available strategies, whereas only 9% reached high adaptation—demonstrating comprehensive, coordinated response. Socio?economic analysis shows that education, extension contact, and credit access strongly correlate with higher adaptation scores, while extremes of age and gender disparities persist. These findings highlight the uneven resilience landscape within the smallholder community and underscore the need for tailored interventions. Policymakers and development partners should prioritise capacity building, financial inclusion, and community?driven approaches to bridge existing gaps. By aligning support with farmers’ specific capacities and constraints, it is possible to scale proven practices, foster innovation adoption, and build a more resilient agricultural sector capable of withstanding the mounting challenges of climate variability.
